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                             December 1977


                              Proposal to

                     Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

                             for design of

       An Operating System and Memory Switch for the S-1 Computer


              John McCarthy, Professor of Computer Science
                         Principal Investigator















                      Computer Science Department
                          Stanford University
                              S-1 Proposal                             1


                               1.  Goals

The  Stanford  Artificial  Intelligence  Laboratory  (SAIL)  proposes to
participate  in  the  Lawrence Livermore  Laboratory  (LLL)  program for
development of the S-1 computer system by designing certain elements and
developing an efficient operating  system over a period of  three years.
This proposal covers the first 9 months' work.

The proposed work will have the following subgoals:

1) Design and  begin development of an  operating sysem for  both single
and  multiprocessor  S-1  computer  configurations  with  dedicated disk
systems.   This system  will provide  efficient resource  allocation for
configurations of 1 to  32 processors and will include  user interactive
facilities that are optimized for display terminals,  though teleprinter
terminals will also be supported.  In addition to the  operating system,
a number of utility programs will be developed, including  text editors,
file management programs, compilers, and debuggers.

SAIL  recognizes that  the S-1  Project requires  an  evolving operating
system for the various computer configurations it is creating,  and will
undertake  to create  an operating  system that  will have  some minimal
capability  early in  the effort,  growing thereafter  in  capability in
frequent increments.

2)  Based  on work  done  in  pursuit of  the  first  subgoal, recommend
specific   equipment   characteristics  needed   to   support  efficient
operation.   This particularly  includes the  manner in  which secondary
memories   and  peripherals   will   connect  to   various   S-1  system
configurations.

3) Support S-1 Project hardware development, in fashions and  to extents
mutualy agreed upon by cognizant SAIL and LLL staff.  During  the period
of this  initial proposal  such support  activity will  include detailed
design  of  the  crossbar  switch  for  the  first   S-1  multiprocessor
configuration and the  post-construction debugging and  documentation of
this hardware module.
                              S-1 Proposal                             2


                             2.  Work Plan

                    2.1 Operating System Development

The operating  system to  be developed  will exploit  the full  suite of
capabilities  of  multiprocessor  S-1 configurations  and  will  use the
better features of existing timesharing systems, such as  Unix, Multics,
TOPS-20,  ITS,  and the  Stanford  Monitor.  However,  it  will  also be
capable   of  specialization   for   use  with   single   processor  S-1
configurations.  There will also be some innovation in  interactive user
services.

A key  problem to be  solved is efficient  allocation and  scheduling of
resources.  It should be possible to flexibly allocate processors either
to a number of tasks  supporting independent users or to  separate forks
of a single task, depending on priorities.

The planning phase of this  work (of about three months'  duration) will
be devoted to the following tasks:
 (1) familiarization with the S-1 equipment characteristics;
 (2) characterization of the principal kinds of computing tasks that are
    to be performed with this system;
 (3) general design of program services to be provided by the operating
    system, including primary memory allocation and file system
    characteristics;
 (4) general design of user services, including display control, command
    languages, and character set standards;
 (5) analysis of other resource allocation issues;
 (6) study of major existing operating systems to determine which of
    their features may be profitably included in the one to be created,
    and which, if any, of their major modules may be appropriately
    carried over into the new operating system;
 (7) formulation of criteria for selection of programming languages to
    be used in major develop- ment tasks.
This phase of  the work will culminate  with the generation of  a report
documenting the results of performing these 7 tasks.

Other  products of  this phase  will include  an assortment  of planning
documents and specific recommendations on equipment design  issues, such
as how the disk storage units should be interfaced to the multiprocessor
system.

The subsequent design phase  (of about six months' duration)  will focus
on detailed design of  the functional elements of the  system, selection
of  system  programming languages,  programming  of  developmental tools
(e.g., simple editors and debuggers), and possibly the modification of a
compiler to produce S-1 code.
                              S-1 Proposal                             3


                       2.2 Crossbar Switch Design

It is proposed to design a crossbar switch to connect 16  S-1 processors
with  16  memory  modules  with  a  maximum  concurrency  of  16,  and a
throughput of 70 nanoseconds per word, as specified in Reference 1.  The
switch  will  contain  logic to  allow  an  LSI-11  processor, connected
through  an LLL-supplied  parallel interface,  to  perform comprehensive
testing  of the  switch  (both by  providing artificial  stimuli  to the
switch, and  by reading the  state of switch  buses and signals)  and to
recover  from what  are considered  to be  probable  recoverable failure
modes of the switch, processors, and memory modules.

SAIL  proposes to  perform  the following  subtasks of  this  basic task
during the current proposal period:
 1) Familiarization of SAIL design personnel with the S-1 Design System.
 2) Complete logical design of the switch using the S-1 Design System
    Graphics Language.
 3) Complete physical design of the switch, including layout and cable
    assignment.
 4) Production of final wire-lists through the S-1 Design System.
 5) Debugging, including demonstration of full switch functionality,
    using the LLL-supplied LSI-11 diagnostic system.
 6) Documentation, including a structured text description of the
    hardware to augment the structured drawings, and a high-level
    description of switch operation.

All aspects of crossbar switch hardware implementation is proposed to be
the responsibility of LLL.  At  the completion of Step 4 (above),  it is
proposed that LLL will  construct the switch, associated  cabinetry, and
LSI-11 debug processor, and will thereupon make the switch available for
debugging by  SAIL staff.  Throughout  the design, cognizant  SAIL staff
members will maintain close contact with cognizant LLL staff members.



                             3.  Facilities

Much of the planning  and preliminary programming work on  both projects
will be performed  on the existing  computer facilities of  the Stanford
Artificial Intelligence  Laboratory.  Since  this equipment  has already
been purchased, mostly  with U. S.  Government research funds,  the only
costs involved  in its use  will be  the support of  part of  a computer
technician and a share of other maintenance costs.

It  is  proposed that  LLL  make available  to  the  Stanford Artificial
Intelligence  Laboratory fractions  of the  capabilities of  both single
processor and multiprocessor  S-1 configurations appropriate  to various
phases  of  advanced   operating  systems  development   and  debugging.
                              S-1 Proposal                             4


Determination of how this is  to be most effectively accomplished  is to
be  made jointly  by cognizant  LLL and  SAIL personnel,  as  such needs
evolve.  It is anticipated that some phone line access to  LLL-based S-1
hardware configurations will be needed and a budget item to support such
access is included.



                     4.  Coordination and Reporting

It is proposed that primary coordination between cognizant LLL  and SAIL
staff members be accompished  via monthly meetings, to be  conducted for
approximately  half-day  periods.   Senior  SAIL  Project  members  will
document the  salient topics addressed  at these  conferences (including
accomplishments of the previous month, and the relatively  detailed work
plan  for  the upcoming  month)  and distribute  such  documents  to all
cognizant SAIL and LLL staff members as the primary project coordination
papers.

SAIL proposes  to submit  two interim technical  reports to  LLL dealing
with the progress  made during the Winter  and Spring Quarters  of 1978,
and a final, comprehensive report which treats in detail all  aspects of
the  work  done  during  the  January-September,  1978,  period.   It is
anticipated that the Winter Quarter document will report the  results of
the 7-point operating sysem planning phase discussed in Section  2.1, as
well  as  the  first  three items  of  the  crossbar  switch development
discussed  in Section  2.2.   It is  likewise expected  that  the Spring
Quarter document will report preliminary results of the operating system
design phase of Section 2.1, and will also report  successful completion
of at least 2 of the final 3 items of the switch development  of Section
2.2.  The final report will detail the design of the operating system of
Section  2.1, and  will  include the  description of  the  switch design
implementation and  debugging work  of Section  2.2.  All  these reports
will be delivered  to LLL within  30 days of the  end of the  periods on
whose results they report.

                               References

1.  Tom McWilliams and Curt Widdoes, The S-1 Memory Interface, October
   3, 1977.
                              S-1 Proposal                             5


                               5.  Budget

                  Nine Months Beginning 1 January 1978

                         Person
                         Months
A. Salaries and Wages

   1. Senior Personnel:

      a. John McCarthy      0.6                                    2,040
         Prof. of Computer Science
         5% acad. yr., 10% summer

      b. Lester Earnest     1.4                                    4,313
         Senior Research Associate
         15%

   2. Other Personnel:

      a. Jeff Rubin         9.0                                   17,507
         Computer Systems Spec.

      b. Ted Panofsky       8.1                                   13,499
         Design Engineer, 90%

      c. Martin Frost       9.0                                   12,726
         Systems Programmer

      d. ------             9.0                                   16,362
         Systems Programmer

      e. Student Res. Assist.  6.0                                 5,781
         50% acad. yr., 100% sum.

      f. Support Personnel:

         (1) Secretary (25%)  2.3                                  1,858

         (2) Elect. Tech. (25%)  2.3                               2,555
                                                                 _______
      Total Salaries & Wages                                      76,641

B. Staff Benefits                                                 14,669
     19.0% till 1 Sept.'78,
     20.3% thereafter
                                                                 _______
C. Total Salaries, Wages,
     and Staff Benefits                                           91,310
                              S-1 Proposal                             6


D. Permanent Equipment                                             - - -

E. Expendable Supplies &                                           1,200
     Equipment (e.g. office
     supplies, copying, postage)

F. Travel (domestic)                                               2,000

G. Publications                                                      600

H. Other Costs                                                     1,635
   1. Telephone             810
   2. Computer Equipment
      Maintenance           825
                                                                 _______
I. Total Direct Costs (A thru H)                                  96,745

J. Indirect Costs                                                 56,112
     (58% of A thru H less D)
                                                                 _______
K. Total Costs                                                   152,857